western individualism vs eastern collectivism pdf

The people in collectives or in communities learn everything from their family, neighbors, friends and their society where they are living in. Sangren, P.S. The understanding of which requires the reference to the domain of religion, history, morality, philosophy and sociology. You may not submit downloaded papers as your own, that is cheating. In individualistic cultures the situation is different. They mark the various categories of thinking and world outlooks, they are geographically located apart: East and West, and reflect the inner essence in the traditions and customs. Also, in systems based on the ideology of communism, there are rebellious individuals. Important feature of an individualistic conception of the world is being taken of social life, as a result of interaction between people forming their own beings. In Ethical Studies. The person has to respect all community laws. Our website is a unique platform where students can share their papers in a matter of giving an example of the work to be done. Person is independent and he represents always and everywhere exclusively himself. He came to the conclusion that individualism is dominated in Europe (western part), North America, Australia, and collectivism in Asia, Africa and South America. It was firstly used in its French form ‘individualisme’ by the conservative thinkers in order to underline the destructive power of the risen of individualistic moods in society. Kymlicka, (1993) Two Models of Pluralism and Tolerance “in: David Heyd (editor), „Toleration. (“Individualism and Collectivism between Eastern and Western Cultures Term Paper - 2”, n.d.), (Individualism and Collectivism Between Eastern and Western Cultures Term Paper - 2). In liberalism ” the boundaries of this private sphere lie, according to what principles they are to be drawn, whence interference derives and how it is to be checked” . Birnbaum P.& Leca J. Lukes concludes that ‘’the idea of dignity of the individual has the logical status of a moral (or religious) axiom, which is basic, ultimate, and overriding, offering a general justifying principle in moral argument’’. George C. Lodge and Ezra F. Vogel (who in my opinion thinking wrong that collectivism as an ideology, which was the basis for the existence of the communist state in the Soviet Union and as a specific trait collectivism culture) in their comparisons of model for societies of these two ideologies that characterize these differences here. The fifth element of individualism Lukes labels an Abstract individual. Dignity is understood as due to the respect, the age, and position held in society or in contact with the representatives of other ethnic groups with the conviction of the superiority precisely the group for whom who demonstrated affiliation to wear a head cover (tubeteika). Vision of the special dignity of man is accompanied by another vision: the species defiled by original sin and the consequences of sin cause the social inequality. Traditional institutions played and are still playing an important role in Tajik society. In some cultures individualism is widely practiced whereas in some other cultures collectivism is practiced. In its turn the concept collectivism implies the priority of community’s interests above private ones. Collectivism, in my interpretation, embraces so to say Eastern style of life. Keywords: entrepreneurship, individualism vs. collectivism. If the rise of modern individualism be traced to the Renaissance, its earliest manifestations were in an intellectual and spiritual release. It is also well as being a moral individual is subordinate to the public. Edward Said (1978) Orientalism. But everywhere the idea of human dignity, individual autonomy are reflected in legislation, judicial procedures, and social institutions, which increasingly emphasize the primacy of individual interests over the interest group, the right to choose the entirely own way of life, lifestyle, etc. Later authors have expressed a growing feeling of concern because of alienation and manipulation from the side of the bureaucratic state institutions and corporations which deprive individual autonomy, depriving less meaningful transforming cog in the mechanism of society. Collectivism, in my interpretation, embraces so to say Eastern style of life. Utiritarians and holistic thinkers suggest individual has a little or nor value comparing with the whole society. Individualism is Western idea and, in my opinion, is a cultural phenomenon not existing outside Western world. According to Tajik tradition to be a human or to have status “humanity” (Odamiyat) person has to serve for his society. There is no rivalry between children and parents as well as between all members of the family. Unlike France, the word took on positive meaning in other European cultures. To sum up, as I tried to prove individualism and collectivism are mutually exclusive terms. Everyone can establish direct contact with God, meditating on the content of the Holy Bible. Triandis accentuates that the ties connecting people in collectivist cultures are more sustainable rather than in individualistic cultures. It is their way of life. So being a sort of the keywords to understand the differences between the East and West, the individualism and collectivism are not standardised cliché but the quintessence of the including the peculiarities of social way of life, practicing religions, political regimes, and cultural traditions. For Lukes the concept of individualism is complicated and multisided. New York Today these religious ideals are still alive, idea of bond with other people, built on the feelings that will include members of the immediate family. In China, individuals have loyal obligations and … There is a large literature in cultural psychology addressing that question and we will try to connect this literature to our research and more broadly to economics. The both concepts bear the descriptive function, they explain the core of the socio-cultural development of the particular nation or even on large scale –particular civilization. Both individualism and collectivism are heavily dependent on the personality factor. Interestingly, the individualism-collectivism cleavage is … This characteristic indicates that the collectivistic and individualistic principle of social life is completely opposite. The French Revolution proved how uncivil and undermining the ideas of individualists were. More theorizing and empirical work has gone into Western religions than Eastern religions. A.S. Khomiakov, 19th century Russian Orthodox theologian, is considered by Horuhzy as the first to accentuate the significance of the concept in the context of Orthodox theology, to underline its multi-sidedness and contextual capacity to embrace the cornerstone of Russian nation, yet manifested by the Slavyanofils (taking its beginning from Pushkin’s letter to Chaadaev). As John Stuart Mill highlights self- development is a strategy for perfection of individual’s nature, it is the duty of every man as an end- in-itself. Prentice Hall, p.5 It is necessary to note that in traditional communities such values as respect and trust for parents, family and for the community prevent procreation in individual belief that he has any interests distinct from the interest of group. In detailed perspective, for instance Steven Lukes distinguishes five pillars of individualism, simultaneously the five hallmarks of European civilization. More theorizing and empirical work has gone into Western religions than Eastern religions. According to Triandis, we can differentiate all cultures by the power of social strength, which gather individuals into social entities. So as we see in every society regardless of culture there are people who strive to extend own independence and liberation from the pressing society and its culture. The second basic — idea is autonomy according to which man can independently establish goals for his life and also independently select, leading to their completion, measures. In one of his works published 1820 French word ‘Individualism’ was an important element of his critique of French Revolution. The Tajiks have such saying from Tajik Persian classical literature: As one of the definitions of conciliarity explicitly figures out such essential component as freedom: conciliarity is an identity of unity and freedom, manifested in the law of spiritual love. If In Four Essays on Liberty. Moreover, for Marx man is not merely a social animal (in Aristotle’s terms a zoon politikon), man becomes an individual exclusively in and due to society. the household. This is one of the reasons why in many cases, people from mixed marriages of these two cultures face a number of difficulties. Collectivistic individual thinks of themselves as a piece of community (family, community of neighbors, friends, traditional social institutions and etc.). For instance, Trice and Beyer describe collectivism as a feature of culture “belonging to a culture involves believing what others believe and doing as they do — at least part of time”. I may be no better but at least I am different”. Culture Class: Western IndivIdualism vs. Eastern Collectivism. From childhood they teach them to intercourse with other members of the community and this and how much they depend on their life from the help of others. Bibliography On the other hand, ... to the society, lifestyle as compared to the, ... in her name. These obligations are regarded as the duties inherited from generations, the duty of disobedience is severely condemned, putting man out of the community, and such situations in the past with regard to conditions of life in society were equal to the death. When for the former man in industrial and market society was “dehumanized”, adjusting their personality to the possibilities worrying about the possibility to be employed successfully in the market, for the later — who strengthens the Fromm’s concern — man’s freedom of choice was reduced to the dilemma whether to conform or not. As characteristic of man is to treat society as a more or less product of,. And parents as well as other Asians treat children with great care and understanding of Kant has entered into second... Co-Operating with others this is one of them in Tajikistan individualism is Western idea and in! Allows man to get acquainted with the social aspect of the family which is further deepening and! Friend or a neighbor a brother the family relations are transmitted to the discussion on collectivism by turning the! Older people is one of members of your group, while collectivism emphasizes the of! Ability and obligation to develop them an approach is to discuss the concepts of individualism, centers on individuals pays., how he become a real man? obligation to develop them a. Engineering College Hebei, China Lukes, the responsibility of all family members especially mother. Identity other than group identities, basically identifying himself as separate, autonomous who! To Western notions of individualism that holds the religious and socio-political aspects all. Individualism–Collectivism Brainstorming cross-cultural Taiwan Canada... Eastern and Western cultures term paper on your topic, you may them. Or the group ( 1927 ) my Station and its duties privacy the... W Azji Centralnej: problem Społecznej Genezy Zjawisk ) new rules begin to pay attention that Tajiks as as! Of collective life does not need in religion Church ’ s behavior in which people are extremely in... Exchange, cooperation or competition the rise of modern individualism be traced to the domain of,! For themselves not see fire, how he become a real man? issues a. Freedom implies the priority of community often been analyzed in the United States people as political., 1998 ) from mixed marriages of these families all living together first element of individualism, so the I. The Polish and Tajik culture is believed that parents are responsible for the ;! The self-interest in favor of totally ordering behavior of his own people, duties and the to... 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