who were the cathars

[22], Starting in the 1990s and continuing to the present day, historians like R. I. Moore have radically challenged the extent to which Catharism, as an institutionalized religion, actually existed. That dualism took two forms. Catharism was … Cathar theology was essentially Gnostic in nature. Arnaud-Amaury wrote to Pope Innocent III, "Today your Holiness, twenty thousand heretics were put to the sword, regardless of rank, age, or sex. The Cathars, one of the inspirations behind Dan Brown’s The Da Vinci Code, were the targets of one of these crusades.Their dualist faith and resistance to papal authority led to their suppression in southern France, in a series of crusades that ran from 1209 to 1226, and that were as much about local politics as about faith. Followers were known as Cathars, or Good Christians, and are now mainly remembered for a prolonged period of persecution by the Catholic Church, which did not recognise their unorthodox Christianity. The first town in their path was Beziers, which was protected by a prominent noble and a Cathar follower - Raymond Roger Trencavel. Under this view, the history of Jesus would have happened roughly as told, only in the spirit realm. According to legend, the Holy Grail was believed to have been entrusted to the Cathars, becoming part of their treasure. The Cathars were a religious sect of obscure origin which arose in the Middle Ages and thrived in what is now considered Southern France. Learn Religions uses cookies to provide you with a great user experience. His body was returned and laid to rest in the Abbey at Saint Gilles. Rahn was convinced that the 13th-century work Parzival by Wolfram von Eschenbach was a veiled account of the Cathars. It is more than possible that they were wrong and that Manichaeans and Cathars shares a common Gnostic Dualist Christian ancestor sect. The term Cathars comes from Greek word katharoi which means the pure ones. They also saw John the Baptist, identified also with Elijah, as an evil being sent to hinder Jesus's teaching through the false sacrament of baptism. [8] Cathars believed that the good God was the God of the New Testament, creator of the spiritual realm, whereas the evil God was the God of the Old Testament, creator of the physical world whom many Cathars identified as Satan. The Languedoc, France, the Netherlands and various German states were among those with a Cathar presence at this time and the religion is thought to have travelled via trade routes from the Byzantine … This was in the medium and longer term of much greater significance to the royal house of France than it was to de Montfort—and with the Battle of Bouvines was to secure the position of Philip Augustus vis a vis England and the Empire. [28] This illusory form would have possibly been given by the Virgin Mary, another angel in human form,[22] or possibly a human born from an immaculate conception herself. [83] In short, Moore claims that the men and women persecuted as Cathars were not the followers of a secret religion imported from the East, instead they were part of a broader spiritual revival taking place in the later twelfth and early thirteenth century. Catharism arrived in Western Europe in the Languedoc region of France in the 11th century, where their name first appeared. "[7] However, they denied His physical incarnation. The one who improves oneself through this school begins to live the life of ancient and future deities. Bernard Gui gives a good summary of the Cathar position, of which this is a portion: Austin Cline, a former regional director for the Council for Secular Humanism, writes and lectures extensively about atheism and agnosticism. Mrs Smith, in her Cathar incarnation, was a Catholic named Puerilia. [original research?] [4], Catharism was greatly influenced by the Bogomils of the First Bulgarian Empire,[5] and may have also had roots in the Paulician movement in Armenia and eastern Byzantine Anatolia through Paulicians resettled in Thrace (Philipoupolis). Cathar practices were often in direct contradiction to how the Catholic Church conducted business, especially with regards to the issues of poverty and the moral character of priests. The Cathars were … Cathari, (from Greek katharos, “pure”), also spelled Cathars, heretical Christian sect that flourished in western Europe in the 12th and 13th centuries. T he Cathars, also known as the Albigensians, were largely centered in Albi, the town in the French province of Languedoc in which an ecclesiastical Roman Catholic Church council condemned the group as … The few isolated successes of Bernard of Clairvaux could not obscure the poor results of this mission, which clearly showed the power of the sect in the Languedoc at that period. By using Learn Religions, you accept our, A Concise History of the Roman Catholic Church, What Is Jansenism? They were at their most popular in the 11th and 12th centuries in the region north-west of Marseilles called Languedoc, near the modern frontier between France and Spain. We have relatives among them and we see them living lives of perfection. The first was a good God, portrayed in the New Testament and creator of the spirit, while the second was an evil God, depicted in the Old Testament and creator of matter and the physical world. They were celibate, they were accused of heresy, they were supposed to have a hidden treasure, and they were wiped out. The Cathars were part of a widespread spiritual reform movement in medieval Europe which began about 653 when Constantine-Silvanus brought a copy of the Gospels to Armenia. Nevertheless, interest in the Cathars and their history, legacy and beliefs continues. One branch of the Cathars became known as the Albigenses because they took their name from the local town Albi. [35] In the apostolic fashion they ministered to the people and travelled in pairs. The Cathars lived a simple life of love and devotion but were wiped out in the Albigensian Crusade of the 13th century. [65], The official war ended in the Treaty of Paris (1229), by which the king of France dispossessed the house of Toulouse of the greater part of its fiefs, and that of the Trencavels (Viscounts of Béziers and Carcassonne) of the whole of their fiefs. Building on the work of French historians such as Monique Zerner and Uwe Brunn, Moore's The War on Heresy[82] argues that Catharism was "contrived from the resources of [the] well-stocked imaginations" of churchmen, "with occasional reinforcement from miscellaneous and independent manifestations of local anticlericalism or apostolic enthusiasm". The other form was an absolut… Catharism was a Christian dualist movement (a religion based on a belief in two gods) that could be found across western Europe from the 11th century. [46] Because of this belief, the Cathars saw women as equally capable of being spiritual leaders. Moore's work is indicative of a larger historiographical trend towards examination of how heresy was constructed by the church. What this treasure consisted of has been a matter of considerable speculation: claims range from sacred Gnostic texts to the Cathars' accumulated wealth, which might have included the Holy Grail (see the Section on Historical Scholarship, below). At the center of Bogomil and Cathar doctrine was the belief that existence is predicated on a battle between good and evil. The name, apparently given to them at the end of the 12th century, is hardly exact, for the movement centred at Toulouse … In 1147, Pope Eugene III sent a legate to the Cathar district in order to arrest the progress of the Cathars. However, even Dominic managed only a few converts among the Cathari. [23], They firmly rejected the Resurrection of Jesus, seeing it as representing reincarnation, and the Christian symbol of the cross, considering it to be not more than a material instrument of torture and evil. The Synod … A brand that could be termed as Proto-Protestants or even enlightened harbingers of social and sexual equality. Who Were the Cathars? [45], Cathars believed that one would be repeatedly reincarnated until one commits to the self-denial of the material world. "[11] Their doctrines have numerous resemblances to those of the Bogomils and the Paulicians, who influenced them,[12] as well as the earlier Marcionites, who were found in the same areas as the Paulicians, the Manicheans and the Christian Gnostics of the first few centuries AD, although, as many scholars, most notably Mark Pegg, have pointed out, it would be erroneous to extrapolate direct, historical connections based on theoretical similarities perceived by modern scholars. The Cathars were also known as Albigenians, because one of their original convocations was alleged to have taken place in the town of Albi, France. Cathars adhering to this story would believe that having families and sons would not impede them from reaching God's kingdom. Under this view, humans were actually angels seduced by Satan before a war in heaven against the army of Michael, after which they would have been forced to spend an eternity trapped in the evil God's material realm. The Béziers army attempted a sortie but was quickly defeated, then pursued by the crusaders back through the gates and into the city. Carcassonne, not especially fortified at that stage, put up a fierce battle but were eventually defeated after their water supply was cut off. To the Cathars, the material world was intrinsically evil, fashioned by the devil, the god of this world. In recent popular culture, Catharism has been linked with the Knights Templar, an active sect of monks founded during the First Crusade (1095–1099). The leader of a Cathar revival in the Pyrenean foothills, Peire Autier, was captured and executed in April 1310 in Toulouse. In the following centuries a number of dissenting groups arose, gathered around charismatic preachers, who rejected the authority of the Catholic Church. After several decades of harassment and re-proselytising, and, perhaps even more important, the systematic destruction of their religious texts, the sect was exhausted and could find no more adepts. [20] The latter, often called Rex Mundi ("King of the World"),[21] was identified as the God of Judaism,[20] and was also either conflated with Satan or considered Satan's father, creator or seducer. Definition, Principles, and Legacy, The Great Schism of 1054 and the Split of Christianity, The Military and Political Effects of the Crusades, The Stoning of Stephen: A Bible Story Study Guide, Biography of Athanasius, Bishop of Alexandria, Introduction to the Catholic Religion: Beliefs, Practices and History. Anyone accused of heresy had no rights, and witnesses who said favorable things about the accused were themselves sometimes accused of heresy. Prominent opponents of the Crusaders were Raymond Roger Trencavel, viscount of Carcassonne, and his feudal overlord Peter II of Aragon, who held fiefdoms and had a number of vassals in the region. Secular rulers were used to torture and maim the heretics, and anyone who refused to do this was themselves punished. The Cathars also refused the sacrament of the eucharist saying that it could not possibly be the body of Christ. [35], Catharism has been seen as giving women the greatest opportunities for independent action since women were found as being believers as well as Perfecti, who were able to administer the sacrament of the consolamentum. They believed that there were two "gods"—one malevolent and one good. The Cathar faith was a version of Christianity.They were usually considered Gnostics.The word 'Cathar' comes the Greek word katharos meaning 'unpolluted' (from … [24], Zoé Oldenbourg compared the Cathars to "Western Buddhists" because she considered that their view of the doctrine of "resurrection" taught by Christ was similar to the Buddhist doctrine of rebirth. Cathars were also usually known as Albigensians because the city Albi in southern France was in beginning their largest community base. From the beginning of his reign, Pope Innocent III attempted to end Catharism by sending missionaries and by persuading the local authorities to act against them. It combined a tradition of itinerant preachers in the forests of France with a very ascetic quality. Elsewhere in the town, many more thousands were mutilated and killed. The late 13th- to early-14th-century document, the Fournier Register, discovered in the Vatican archives in the 1960s and edited by Jean Duvernoy, is the basis for Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie's work Montaillou: The Promised Land of Error. [12] Henry's armed expedition, which took the stronghold at Lavaur, did not extinguish the movement. [45] Having reverence for the Gospel of John, the Cathars saw Mary Magdalene as perhaps even more important than Saint Peter, the founder of the church. The Bogomils and Cathars were Christians who believed in the salvific power of Jesus Christ but differed from mainstream Christianity in their emphasis on a radically dualistic worldview. In fact, the Roman Catholic Church invented the Great Inquisition to stamp out the Cathars as they were the greatest threat that, up to that time, had ever been posed to the Roman Catholic Church. The word Valdese changed through the centuries, and was pronounced Waldenses, and Waldensians. The remainder of the first of the two Cathar wars now focused on Simon's attempt to hold on to his gains through winters where he was faced, with only a small force of confederates operating from the main winter camp at Fanjeaux, with the desertion of local lords who had sworn fealty to him out of necessity—and attempts to enlarge his newfound domains in the summer when his forces were greatly augmented by reinforcements from France, Germany and elsewhere. Of baptism, they assert that the water is material and corruptible and is therefore the creation of the evil power, and cannot sanctify the spirit, but that the churchmen sell this water out of avarice, just as they sell earth for the burial of the dead, and oil to the sick when they anoint them, and as they sell the confession of sins as made to the priests.[38]. They were simple people. The Cathars were part of a widespread spiritual reform movement in medieval Europe which began about 653 when Constantine-Silvanus brought a copy of the Gospels to Armenia. (Incidentally, the world Catholic is also from a Greek root word, katholikos, meaning "universal" or “in general”.) They developed an alternative religion, an alternative hierarchy, an alter- native priesthood that attracted many adherents in that period, which is why the Cathar heresy above all occasioned the founding of the inquisition. Cathar beliefs probably developed as a consequence of traders coming from Eastern Europe, bringing teachings of the Bogomils. Dominic met and debated with the Cathars in 1203 during his mission to the Languedoc. To the Cathars, reproduction was a moral evil to be avoided, as it continued the chain of reincarnation and suffering in the material world. Their first target was the lands of the Trencavel, powerful lords of Carcassonne, Béziers, Albi and the Razes. They assert that the host comes from straw, that it passes through the tails of horses, to wit, when the flour is cleaned by a sieve (of horse hair); that, moreover, it passes through the body and comes to a vile end, which, they say, could not happen if God were in it. [39] This belief was inspired by later French Cathars, who taught that women must be reborn as men in order to achieve salvation. Hunted by the Inquisition and deserted by the nobles of their districts, the Cathars became more and more scattered fugitives: meeting surreptitiously in forests and mountain wilds. [68], On Friday, 13 May 1239, 183 men and women convicted of Catharism were burned at the stake on the orders of Robert le Bougre. In 1210, they attacked the fortress at Minerv and built "the first great bonfire of heretics" - beginning the practice of burning at the stake that would continue in the Inquisition of the Counter-Reformation . The Languedoc, France, the Netherlands and various German states were among those with a Cathar presence at this time and the religion is thought to have travelled via trade routes from the Byzantine Empire. Bishops were supported by their two assistants: a filius maior (typically the successor) and a filius minor, who were further assisted by deacons. [3] The belief may have originated in the Byzantine Empire. As Raymond pointed out at the time, no-one in his position could possibly exterminate Cathar belief as ruthlessly as Pope Innocent III required him to. The basic characteristic of Cathars was the belief in two principles: good and evil, … All of their beliefs stemmed from logical deductions from a combination of these three fundamental beliefs (Gnosticism, Dualism and Christianity) This link has caused fringe theories about the Cathars and the possibility of their possession of the Holy Grail, such as in the pseudohistorical The Holy Blood and the Holy Grail. The origins of their beliefs go back much further and may come from Eastern Europe and beyond, even ancient Persia, brought westwards by itinerant craftsmen such as weavers. Treatment of the Cathars by the Catholics was atrocious. [69][70][71], From May 1243 to March 1244, the Cathar fortress of Montségur was besieged by the troops of the seneschal of Carcassonne and the archbishop of Narbonne. Inquisition. For instance, around 1307, in the mountains of northern Italy, the renegade Catholic monk Fra Dolcino led a thousand-strong band in a bloody struggle against the church and local nobility. [35] By about 1140, liturgy and a system of doctrine had been established. [78] Other movements, such as the Waldensians and the pantheistic Brethren of the Free Spirit, which suffered persecution in the same area, survived in remote areas and in small numbers into the 14th and 15th centuries. His reply, recalled by Caesarius of Heisterbach, a fellow Cistercian, thirty years later was "Caedite eos. [67] Operating in the south at Toulouse, Albi, Carcassonne and other towns during the whole of the 13th century, and a great part of the 14th, it succeeded in crushing Catharism as a popular movement and driving its remaining adherents underground. The event, attended by many local notables, was presided over by the Bogomil papa Nicetas of the Balkan dualist church (see ‘The Bogomils: Europe’s Forgotten Gnostics’ by Paul Tice, New Dawn No. Montségur: La tragédie cathare. [52], While women perfects rarely traveled to preach the faith, they still played a vital role in the spreading of the Catharism by establishing group homes for women. [13] These are probably the same Cathari (actually Novations) who are mentioned in Canon 8 of the First Ecumenical Council of Nicaea in the year 325, which states "... [I]f those called Cathari come over [to the faith], let them first make profession that they are willing to communicate [share full communion] with the twice-married, and grant pardon to those who have lapsed ..."[14], The writings of the Cathars were mostly destroyed because of the doctrine's threat perceived by the Papacy;[15] thus, the historical record of the Cathars is derived primarily from their opponents. A popular though as yet unsubstantiated theory holds that a small party of Cathar Perfects escaped from the fortress before the massacre at prat dels cremats. Some[who?] [50] These female perfects were required to adhere to a strict and ascetic lifestyle, but were still able to have their own houses. The two had been lovers in the thirteenth century. [44] The perfecti were the spiritual elite, highly respected by many of the local people, leading a life of austerity and charity. The Cathar’s blood secrets were … The philosopher and Nazi government official Alfred Rosenberg speaks favourably of the Cathars in The Myth of the Twentieth Century. Killing was abhorrent to the Cathars. The following two quotes are taken from the Inquisitor Bernard Gui's experiences with the Cathar practices and beliefs: Then they attack and vituperate, in turn, all the sacraments of the Church, especially the sacrament of the eucharist, saying that it cannot contain the body of Christ, for had this been as great as the largest mountain Christians would have entirely consumed it before this. [38] The Fourth Lateran Council, which authorized the state to punish religious dissenters, also authorized the state to confiscate all the land and property of the Cathars, resulting in a very nice incentive for state officials to do the church's bidding. The Cathars were largely local, Western European/Latin Christian phenomena, springing up in the Rhineland cities (particularly Cologne) in the mid-12th century, northern France around the same time, and particularly the Languedoc—and the northern Italian cities in the mid-late 12th century. They were first noticed in Germany in the 1140s, and by the 1160s, they could be found in many places in Europe, especially in southern France and northern Italy. The "Cathars" themselves were not a race, or a people; they were the followers of a dissident church that flourished in several parts of Europe during the early Medieval period. As such, any use of the term "Cathar" to refer to people after the suppression of Catharism in the 14th century is a cultural or ancestral reference and has no religious implication[citation needed]. Cathars were in no way Protestant, and very few if any Protestants consider them as their forerunners (as opposed to groups like Waldensians, Hussites, Lollards and Arnoldists). The story of the Cathars. [29] Bernard of Clairvaux's biographer and other sources accuse some Cathars of Arianism,[30][31] and some scholars see Cathar Christology as having traces of earlier Arian roots. Many of the promoted Cathar castles were not built by Cathars but by local lords, and many of them were later rebuilt and extended for strategic purposes. As each generation passed that everyone should be able to read the,! The spirit was of utmost importance to the South of France against those of the and... Augustus wrote to Pope Innocent III launched a Crusade against the Cathars translating into the local town.... Who set few guidelines and so some Catharist practices and beliefs varied by region and over.. Closely as possible first appeal but some see the murder of the Roman Catholic, Holy. 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